The largest cities in Canada and the U.S., ranked by housing unaffordability

All figures in Canadian dollars¹

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1. CAD figures for U.S. cities were calculated using Bank of Canada exchange rates. For incomes, the 2023 average rate of $1.3497 per U.S. dollar was applied.
2. The Affordability Ratio is calculated as the benchmark home price divided by gross median household income. Household income figures from 2023, the most recent available, were used in this calculation.
3. Benchmark Home Price: the price of a typical home in the area.
4. The Inland Empire is a metropolitan region in Southern California, east of Los Angeles, covering Riverside and San Bernardino counties.